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In the post-Suharto era, Indonesia has been faced with two security challenges, one of them being secessionist threats and the other one is ideological challenge, which is posed by the radical Islamic group. In fact, there has been a perceived change in the political culture of Indonesia since Suharto was forced to quit power. Currently, emphasis is placed on civil society and existence of multiparty democracy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the changes have destabilized the security of the country in a number of ways. After the independence of East Timor, separatist movements have resurfaced in Indonesia to claim independence. On the other hand, Islamic organizations have taken the opportunity to extend extremist ideas, including perpetuation of terrorism (Assyaukanie 2007, p. 90). Radical Islamic leaders, such as Hamza h Haz, have come out strongly to suggest that Shariah law should be applied in the country. Islamic extremist groups, particularly Jemaah Islamiah, are in support of the establishment of Islamic state. This definitely threatens the national security of the country. The government has failed to control the emergence of separatist groups due to the activities talking place in East Timor. Some militant groups, such as Jemaah Islamiah and Laskar Jihad, have vowed to use force to ensure that the state is converted into an Islamic state (Hefner 2005, p. 67). Jemaah Islamiah is a terrorist network in the Southeast Asia that has been associated with a number of bombings, including Bali bombing and the recent attack on the Australian Embassy on 9 September 2004. It is perceived to be the region’s supreme transnational jihadist movement. Indonesia is the main operational base for the group, though it also operates in Singapore and Philippines. The 2002 Bali bombing was considered the m ain terrorist’s capability. It was the first time that radical groups were using suicide bombers (Singh 2004, p. 68). After the Bali attack, the Indonesian government launched a crackdown on members of the terrorist group, but the group still poses a threat to national security in Indonesia. Since the Bali bombings, the government of Indonesia has been forced to change its policies on terrorism. Before 2002, the post-Suharto governments never thought that terrorism was a serious issue that had to be addressed with urgency. For instance, Megawati government entered into an agreement with Australian security agencies to launch joint crackdowns on members of Jemaah Islamiah (Hillman 2006, p. 58).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the government has always tried to prevent terrorism, the political class has never explained to the public the magnitude of terrorism in the country. This shows that there is no good will from the political class. Moreover, the government has been reluctant to proscribe the group. This shows that some individuals with enormous influence in government control radical groups such as Jemaah Islamiah. The immediate post-Suharto years were characterized by the resurgence of radicalism in Indonesia (Hughes 2004, p. 12). Terrorist groups emerged to challenge the sovereignty of the state by recruiting youths and financing terrorist activities. It can be observed that Islamic radicalism has played a major role in reshaping the geopolitical climate of the post-Suharto era. Modern Indonesian radicalism is a result of both national and international forces, including spiritual, political, financial, and social elements. A number of Islamic leaders believe that the Indonesian government has discriminated Muslims. They note that Islam has been marginalized (Bawedan 2004, p. 669). In this regard, they have taken advantage of th e weak democracy to claim their rights using scrupulous techniques such as terrorism. Islamic leaders claim that Islam should be given its rightful position in government. List of References Assyaukanie, L 2007, The Rise of Religious Bylaws in Indonesia, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore. Bawedan, A 2004, â€Å"Political Islam in Indonesia – Present and Future Trajectory†, Asian Survey, Vol. 44, no. 5, pp 669–690.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hefner, R 2005, Muslim Democrats, and Islamist Violence in Post-Soeharto Indonesia, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Hillman, B 2006, â€Å"New Elections, Old Politics,† Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 26, no. 9, pp 16-57. Hughes, J 2004, â€Å"Indonesia: Islam, Democracy Do Mix,† Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 28, no. 2, pp 12-18. Singh, B 2004, â€Å"The Challenge of Militant Islam and Terrorism in Indonesia,† Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, no. 1, pp 47–68 This essay on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia was written and submitted by user Juan S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post When we talk about abuse, we basically mean mistreating and manipulating someone causing physical, sexual or psychological harm to their emotions and self esteem. Trauma, on the other hand, is a result of being involved in a distressing traumatic ordeal that affects your emotions and leaves lasting memories of the encounter.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abused Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Post-traumatic stress disorder may be as a result of past experiences such as rape, domestic violence or molestation. This anxiety disorder that arises from trauma may leave behind long-lasting psychological effects that may keep on haunting the victims (Harris, 1996). Such individuals need counseling and motivation to help them combat the fear within them and boost their self esteem. Women tend to be more vulnerable to abuse, assault, battering, kidnapping, rape and even physical , emotional and psychological torture regardless of their social status in the community, race, tribe, nationality or their level of education. They all experience domestic violence, abuse and post-traumatic disorders. In most cases, these incidences of women abuse occur within the confine of a family set up or relationship where one partner tends to mistreat, mishandle, abuse and assaults the other partner and in most cases the women fall victim of such misconducts from their male counter parts. Such abuse and undermining of one’s feelings and emotions often leads to detrimental effects on the victims. Most abused women tend to harbor anger and hatred against those that mistreat them and this leads to a failed marriage institution as women are the corner stone of any stable marriage. It also leads to low productivity as their psyche to hard work and fend for their families drastically fades away. Post-traumatic disorder that emanates from trauma and routine torture, leads to a negative psychological effect on the victims. Since women tend to be the weaker sex with a lot of emotions, they tend to be affected to a great extend by such mistreatment and abuse. Some end up having very low self esteem, depressed, stressed up and some even contemplate of committing suicide. Women who happen to be abused sexually or raped in their earlier stages tend to have severe trauma and psychological disorders that may even affect their relationship with their male counterparts and more so their marriages later on in life. Statistics have shown that one of the three women has been abused either sexually, physically, emotionally or psychologically. A survey conducted in Canada by the General Social Survey (GSS) group deduced that about 25 percent of the women in Canada have been abused by their partners. The survey also showed that the incidences of women molestation tend to be more severe than the abuse directed to their men counterparts. (Pottie, 2000).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, we have to find lasting solutions to these barbaric behaviors that have lead to destruction of many women’s lives, their families, kin and relationships as a result of trauma and abuse mostly from their spouses. There has to be a mutual understanding between spouses and each one has to play his or her role in the family and give their very best to enable the marriage to stand. In cases of serious misunderstandings, the services of a marriage counselor may come in handy. For women who are abused and harbor psychological trauma, it is advisable to seek treatment and guidance from a trained personnel, therapist or a doctor. It also helps have a confidant whom you can freely share your private life with. References Harris, J. (1996). Dangerous Domains: Violence Against Women in Canada. Toronto: Sage Publications. Pottie, V. (2000). Spousal Violence: Statistical profile of Family Violence in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press. This report on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abused Women was written and submitted by user Christopher J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops when one feels when their safety is threatened and when they feel helpless. The common notion in today’s environment is that the condition is attributed to soldiers who are scared of battle. Whereas military combat is listed as the most common cause of PTSD in men, it can occur due to a number of different reasons in both women and men.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An event in one’s life that is overwhelming and one that is both uncontrollable and unpredictable in a person’s life can be the trigger of PTSD. The condition does not only affect those who went through a traumatizing ordeal but also those who witnessed it, law enforcement agents and emergency aid workers who pick up the pieces after the occurren ce or even to the family and friends of the people who were the victims of the actual trauma. Every person is created different. As such, it follows that the symptoms of PTSD can manifest themselves in a person maybe hours after, days, weeks, months or even years. There are many events that can lead to the manifestation of PTSD in people. War has been detailed as the most common. Others include car clashes, sudden death occurring to a close person; be it friend or relative, plane clashes, kidnapping, rape, neglect during childhood, deadly assault, attack by terrorists, sexual abuse mostly from a close person, physical abuse, natural disasters among many others. The thesis developed for this paper is the understanding of the causes, symptoms, stigma, treatments and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. The facts that are going to be discussed in this research paper will aid in the proving of this thesis. Discussion PTSD can manifest itself in many ways. The symptoms may arise gradually, suddenly or may be on and off. The symptoms can either be triggered by a cue in the environment like a noise which makes the person remember the trauma or can appear out of nowhere. Symptoms can be classified into those arising from re-experience of the traumatic event, avoidance of the events and those arising from emotional arousal and increased anxiety.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, a person who re-experiences the trauma will have upsetting and intrusive memories of that event, nightmares of the event itself or other things that are frightening, intense physical reactions including nausea, pounding of the heart, sweating, rapid breathing, and tension of the muscles, flashbacks to the particular event so that it seems like it is occurring again and intense distress that arises from being reminded of the trauma. One who is trying to numb an d avoid remembrance of the event is likely to avoid thoughts, activities, places and even feelings that may associate with the trauma, have a feeling of detachment from others and be emotionally numb, lose interest in the daily activities and even in life itself, have an abnormal sense of a normal life and tend to expect nothing resembling it; like a career, family or even a normal life span and lack the ability to remember the exact aspects of the trauma. Those who experience increased emotional arousal and anxiety are likely to have difficulty in falling asleep, feeling uneasy such that they are easily startled and feel jumpy, be on constant alert, have decreased concentration and be easily irritated and occasionally burst out in anger (Kimerling Calhoun, 1994). Other symptoms that are common with the disorder include hopelessness, pains, anger, suicidal thoughts, depression, guilt and shame, drug abuse, self, loneliness even in the presence of others and self-blame. Individuals who are affected by PTSD do not portray normal behavior. They tend to avoid being in certain situations that normal behavior expects them to be. These individuals will occasionally seem lost since they are incapable of paying attention and can neither therefore sustain a conversation nor can they keep at an activity for long. The behavior that people with PTSD portray is not considered normal. Recurring distressing recollections, nightmares, distress, lack of interest in normal life and sleeplessness are some of the abnormal behavior that people with PTSD show. These behaviors are considered abnormal since they were usually associated with people with mental illnesses and not in otherwise normal people. This perception that has been engraved in the minds of people and resulting from cultural beliefs are what makes the behaviors of PTSD to be classified as abnormal. Often, these people will withdraw themselves from society and will always stay alone (Meltzer et al, 2000). Since they do not sleep much, they may be drowsy. Other abnormal behavior is the ease of irritability, aggression, agitation and experience of panic attacks. PTSD is classified as being in axis 1.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the disorder is often characterized by major psychiatric illness, major depression, substance abuse and in most cases is recurrent without any psychotic features. There are negative qualities that society has attached with having mental illnesses. People who have mental disorders are stigmatized which results to feeling of weakness, hopelessness and shame (Britt, 2000). 61% of the soldiers who return from combat admit that a disclosure of their psychological condition would mean a negative effect on their careers. Such people who are mostly victims of PTSD do not therefore seek treatments and instead attempt to deal with the situation on their own which worsens it. Once a soldier has been diagnosed with a psychological problem associated with PTSD, they are less likely to go for referral treatment compared to referral for physical illnesses. The society that we live in has not changed much even with the attempt to sensitize people on the condition. 43% of soldiers returning from battle believe that a disclosure of their psychological conditions will make other people not want to be around them (Hoge et al, 2004). This shows that they believe that the society negatively treats those who have any king of psychological problem however minute or whether treatable or not. Studies that have been done on soldiers indicate that most of them do not seek treatment for PTSD for fear that the members of their respective units will see them as being weak. The major barrier to the treatment of PTSD is the perception of the society on those who do seek the treatment. PTS D is treated by psychotherapy also known as talk therapy, medication or a combination of both.. Psychotherapy involves talking to a professional and can occur one-on-one or as a group therapy. The treatment usually takes a minimum of 6 weeks and can extend up to 12 weeks. During this period, friends and family are encouraged to assist as research has shown that the support of these people actually improves the chances of success of the therapy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The focus of treatment can either be on the alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder or can be on the social aspects of the patient’s life including family and the job. The therapists in conjunction with doctors try out a number of different therapies to determine which combination works best for a particular patient. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most common type of therapy and includes; exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring and stress inoculation training. Medications include sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil), both antidepressants, which have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A combination of both psychotherapy and medicines has been proposed as the most effective way of treatment which is known as psychopharmacology. There are some ethical issues that arise from the use of psychopharmacology. The most common is that the drugs that are used for treatment have been found to have negative side effects which include thoug hts of suicide in victims (Bridge et al, 2007). This begs the question among critics of whether such side effects are desirable considering the outcome that needs to be arrived at. In order to prevent the adverse effects that are associated with PTSD, there are a number of precautions that can be taken. The first is that the victim should be immediately taken or take himself to a safe place to prevent further exposure to the trauma. Secondly, one should consult a doctor if they have suffered any physical injury. Thirdly, the person should be availed with or should look for food and water. Fourth, the person should contact a loved one either friend or family and inform them of the occurrence and lastly, one should immediately seek help. Conclusion PTSD is a condition that affects people who have undergone a major trauma or event that leaves them feeling powerless. Such events are usually unpredictable and uncontrollable. The condition is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that can occur immediately after the ordeal or after some time. Society should be sensitized on the condition in order to reduce the stigma that is associated with it which prevents people with the symptoms from seeking treatment. The condition can be treated by psychotherapy, medication or psychopharmacology which is a combination of both. However, a person who has been caught up in a traumatic occurrence should take precautions to ensure that PTSD does not develop in him. References Bridge, J.A. et al. (2007). Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(15): 1683-1696. Britt, T.W. (2000). The stigma of psychological problems in a work environment: Evidence from the screening of service members returning from Bosnia. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1599-1618. Hoge, C.W. et al. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq an d Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22. Kimerling, R., Calhoun, K.S. (1994). Somatic symptoms, social support, and treatment seeking among sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 333-340. Meltzer, H. et al (2000). The reluctance to seek treatment for neurotic disorders. Journal of Mental Health, 9, 319-327. This research paper on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments was written and submitted by user Alyssa Thornton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Post-Impressionism is one of the most vivid art movements of the period between 1880 and 1905 which developed mainly in such European countries as France and England. Following the ideas of Impressionism, such painters as Paul Cezanne developed their unique vision of depicting emotions and impressions in a picture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paul Cezanne (1839–1906), the French artist, is often discussed as the founder of Post-Impressionism movement and its ideologist. The new approach to reflecting personal emotions can be observed with references to Cezanne’s paintings. Focusing on the personal vision of art, the artist developed the links between previous Impressionism and further Cubism (Medina). That is why, the works by Cezanne are characterized by the extreme focusing on forms and colors in order to represent the authorâ⠂¬â„¢s specific vision of the world. Thus, to understand the variety and depth of Cezanne’s paintings, it is necessary to concentrate on the most famous works of the artist. In his works, Cezanne intended to demonstrate emotions and ideas which could be reflected in abstract artificial forms. The artists did not pay much attention to perspectives and to the relations between foreground and background because the main focus was on the meaning which often could be rather symbolic. The works by Cezanne are easily recognized because of the strict forms and contrasts (Medina). To accentuate definite objects, the artist often used simple colors, but with developing a lot of tones. Furthermore, Cezanne effectively used the play of light. Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compote, Pitcher and Fruit, 1892 The Black Marble Clock, 1869–1871 This approach helped draw the audience’s attention to the meaning of the paintings instead of presenting the natural objects in relation to their real forms and colors. From this point, Post-Impressionism is the art of emotions and deep ideas in which the depicted objects serve only for reflecting these ideas (Rabinow). Woman Seated, in Blue, 1902 The Card Players, 1892 It seems that in his works, Cezanne did not differentiate between the approaches to depicting the humans, natural objects, or artificial objects. Bold multidirectional strokes are typical for all Cezanne’s paintings in spite of the object for depiction. From this point, it is interesting to pay attention to Cezanne’s depiction of the nature and landscapes. The changes in the perspective and spaces are represented by the artist with the help of changing colors and contrasting the tones (Rabinow). Cezanne’s landscapes are intended to represent the artist’s emotions about them rather than the actual forms and spaces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chateau Noir, 1900 Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900 The works by many Post-Impressionists are discussed as independent and individual. Cezanne’s paintings are also incomparable with the works of the other artists because of the unique emotional brushwork and focus on abstractionism. The artist developed the theory of art according to which only ideas and impressions with emotions can form the further art peace as the reflection of the author’s ideals (Medina). To emphasize the opposition between the ideal and naturalistic worlds, Cezanne used artificial strict and constructed forms and bold brushwork. Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Les Grandes Baigneuses, 1898-1905 Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887 Paul Cezanne is the unique artist whose works influenced the art perceptions of not only the representatives of Post-Impressionism because of the developed and applied theory or art but also the visions of the further artists who realized the ideas supported by Cezanne in Cubism and other movements associated with the abstract art. Works Cited Medina, Joyce. Cà ©zanne and Modernism: The Poetics of Painting. USA: SUNY Press, 1995. Print. Rabinow, Rebecca. Cà ©zanne to Picasso. USA: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006. Print. This essay on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne was written and submitted by user F1rebrand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Post Post